DEFINITIONS

1. Abstinence – In addiction recovery, abstinence is the intentional, continuous refraining from using alcohol, illicit drugs, or even prescribed substances that can be misused, aiming for complete cessation to heal the brain and body, serving as the physical foundation (not using) upon which deeper psychological, emotional, and spiritual recovery (learning new ways to cope, building healthy life) is built, though it's a component, not the entirety, of lasting recovery. 

2. Addiction – is a complex, whole-person condition where substances or certain behaviours become primary ways to cope with emotional pain, stress, trauma, or unmet needs. It is not a moral failure or lack of willpower. Addiction develops when the brain and nervous system learn to rely on a substance or behaviour for relief or regulation, often making everyday life feel overwhelming without it. Biological vulnerability, emotional experiences, thinking patterns, relationships, and spiritual disconnection can all contribute. Recovery is possible when these deeper needs are understood and supported with compassion, healthier coping skills, community connection, and environments that promote safety and well-being. Addiction is not who someone is; it is a response to suffering that can change with care and hope.

3. Aftercare – In terms of addiction recovery, aftercare (also known as "continuing care") refers to the ongoing support and therapeutic services an individual receives after completing an initial, more intensive treatment program like inpatient residential rehabilitation. The primary goal of aftercare is to help individuals transition back into their everyday lives, apply the skills learned in treatment to real-world situations, prevent relapse, and sustain long-term sobriety.

4. Alcohol Use – Alcohol use refers to drinking beverages that contain alcohol, which can have different effects depending on how much, how often, and why someone is drinking. People may use alcohol to celebrate, relax, fit in, or to cope with stress, discomfort, or emotional pain. Alcohol use exists on a spectrum, from occasional and low risk to patterns that begin to affect health, relationships, mood, or daily functioning. Understanding alcohol use with honesty and without judgement helps individuals and loved ones reflect on their relationship with alcohol, stay aware of personal limits, and make choices that support well-being and recovery when needed.

5. Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) – Alcohol Use Disorder is a medical and emotional health condition where a person finds it increasingly difficult to limit their drinking, even when it begins to affect their well-being, relationships, work, or safety. It can develop gradually as the brain and body learn to rely on alcohol for comfort, relief, or escape. AUD exists on a spectrum from mild to severe, and experiences look different for everyone. It is not a sign of weakness or failure. It reflects a nervous system and emotional landscape that need care and support. With connection, treatment, and new coping skills, individuals can heal, strengthen their well-being, and rebuild a life that feels meaningful and self-directed.

6. Ambivalence – is the very human experience of feeling pulled in two directions at once, such as wanting change and wanting to stay the same. In recovery, this might look like wanting the benefits of sobriety or healthier boundaries while also missing old coping patterns or feeling afraid of what life will be like without them. Ambivalence is not resistance or failure; it is a normal part of the change process. When it is met with curiosity and support instead of pressure, ambivalence can become an honest doorway into understanding what someone truly needs in order to move forward.

7. Amends – In addiction recovery, amends refers to the process of acknowledging and actively working to repair the harm, loss, or injury caused to others as a result of one's active addiction. It goes beyond a simple apology by requiring concrete action to demonstrate sincere remorse and a commitment to lasting behavioural change. 

8. Anonymous Support Groups –Anonymous support groups in addiction recovery, like Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) or Narcotics Anonymous (NA), are peer-led fellowships where individuals share experiences and find support to achieve sobriety, emphasizing confidentiality (anonymity) to foster a safe, non-judgmental space where members use first names only, reducing stigma and encouraging open discussion of struggles without fear of public identification. They provide a complementary, often long-term, support system through shared stories, principles (like 12 Steps), and mutual encouragement, focusing on personal growth and recovery from substance use disorders and behavioural addictions.

9. Assessment – A process where a counsellor or health worker asks questions to determine the severity of a person’s substance use, mental health, and life situation to aid in creating a personalized treatment plan and care path.

10. Behavioural Activation – is a skills-based approach that encourages small, intentional actions to reconnect with activities that bring meaning, structure, or even small moments of pleasure, especially when mood is low. Rather than waiting to “feel motivated,” people are invited to gently schedule and follow through on manageable steps such as going for a walk, calling a friend, or returning to a hobby. Over time, these actions can help lift mood, reduce isolation, and rebuild a sense of purpose in recovery for both individuals and loved ones.

11. Behavioural Addiction – A compulsive and uncontrollable urge to engage in a non-substance-related activity, despite negative consequences to one's physical, mental, or social well-being. Unlike substance addictions, it does not involve drugs or alcohol, but it is similar in that it involves a failure to resist an impulse and can lead to feelings of pleasure followed by guilt or remorse. Common examples include gambling, gaming, shopping, and internet use.

12. Belonging – is the felt experience of being accepted, valued, and included just as you are, without needing to hide your story. It goes beyond simply being around others; it is the sense that you have a place, a voice, and a community where you matter. In recovery, belonging is deeply healing because it counters shame, loneliness, and the belief of “I am on my own.” Whether through support groups, family healing, or healthy friendships, belonging creates a foundation for ongoing well-being, resilience, and hope.

13. Blackout – A temporary period of memory loss for events that occurred while a person was highly intoxicated on alcohol or other drugs, even though they may have appeared conscious and functional at the time. 

14. Boundaried Compassion – is the practice of caring deeply while also honouring your own limits and well-being. It recognises that love and empathy do not require fixing, rescuing, or sacrificing yourself. In recovery spaces, boundaried compassion helps individuals and loved ones support each other with honesty and care, while saying “no” when something feels unsafe or unsustainable. It allows relationships to be loving and clear at the same time, reducing resentment and burnout, and making room for growth on all sides.

15. Boundaries – In addiction recovery, boundaries are personal limits and guidelines—physical, emotional, mental, and social—established to protect one's well-being, maintain sobriety, and foster healthy relationships. They act as "guardrails" to help individuals avoid triggers and situations that could lead to relapse. During active addiction, boundaries often become blurred or non-existent; the recovery process involves learning to identify, set, and consistently enforce new, healthy boundaries as an essential form of self-care and self-respect.

16. Burnout – In addiction recovery, burnout is defined as a state of chronic physical and emotional exhaustion resulting from the continuous effort, stress, and demands of maintaining sobriety. This state goes beyond normal tiredness and can make an individual feel overwhelmed, drained, and detached from their recovery journey, significantly increasing their vulnerability to relapse. 

17. Caregiver Burnout (Family Burnout) – is the emotional, physical, and spiritual exhaustion that can build over time when someone is consistently supporting a loved one through addiction or mental health challenges without enough rest, support, or recognition of their own needs. It can show up as numbness, irritability, hopelessness, or feeling disconnected from the person you care about and from yourself. Burnout does not mean someone cares too much; it often means they have been trying to carry too much for too long. Naming burnout opens space to seek support, set boundaries, and reconnect with personal well-being.

18. Care Plan – In terms of addiction recovery, a care plan, often referred to as an aftercare or continuing care plan, is a personalized, comprehensive, and evolving "roadmap" designed to support an individual's long-term sobriety and successful reintegration into daily life after completing an intensive treatment program. It is a crucial component of the recovery process, as addiction is considered a chronic condition that requires ongoing management to prevent relapse. 

19. Caretaking vs. Caring – describes the difference between over-functioning for others and offering support that honours everyone’s dignity and responsibility. Caretaking often involves doing for someone what they could do for themselves, fixing, rescuing, or managing their emotions in ways that leave the helper depleted. Caring is grounded in empathy and respect, offering support while trusting the other person’s capacity to grow. In recovery, understanding this difference helps loved ones step out of codependent patterns and move toward healthier, more sustainable relationships.

20. Case Management / Care Coordination – is the behind-the-scenes support that helps individuals and families navigate services, resources, and next steps in recovery. It may include connecting people to counselling, medical care, housing supports, financial or legal resources, and community programs, while keeping the person’s goals and values at the centre. Rather than expecting individuals or families to “figure it all out,” care coordination aims to reduce confusion, prevent gaps in support, and create a smoother, more integrated path toward stability and well-being.

21. Check-Ins (Emotional or Recovery Check-Ins) – Check-ins are brief, intentional moments to pause and honestly notice how you are doing emotionally, physically, and in your recovery. They can be done alone, with a loved one, or in a group, using simple questions like “What am I feeling?” “What do I need?” or “What is one small step I can take today?” Regular check-ins help people catch stress, early warning signs, or unmet needs sooner, and encourage gentle course corrections rather than waiting for a crisis. They are a practical, everyday tool for staying connected to yourself and your supports.

22. Codependency – In addiction recovery, codependency describes an unhealthy relationship pattern where one person enables the addict's self-destructive behaviour (like substance abuse) by excessively caretaking, making excuses, and sacrificing their own needs, while the individual with the addiction relies on this support, creating a dysfunctional cycle that hinders both individuals' growth and recovery. Recovery involves breaking these patterns, setting boundaries, rediscovering self-worth outside the relationship, and learning healthy ways to support each other without enabling.

23. Cognitive Distortions – In addiction recovery, cognitive distortions are systematic, irrational thinking patterns that skew a person's perception of reality, fueling negative emotions and sabotaging sobriety by reinforcing self-defeating behaviours, like seeing a single slip-up as total failure (all-or-nothing thinking) or believing a relapse means you'll never get better (overgeneralization). They are faulty mental shortcuts that distort reality, making it harder to maintain motivation, accept small wins, and view setbacks realistically, often requiring therapy (like CBT) to identify and reframe them. 

24. Compassion Fatigue – is the emotional and physical weariness that can arise when someone has been caring deeply for others in pain over a long period of time, often without enough rest or support. It may show up as numbness, irritability, reduced empathy, or feeling detached from one’s own life. This is common among loved ones, peer supporters, and professionals in the recovery field. Recognising compassion fatigue with kindness allows space to seek support, rest, and boundaries, so that care can come from a more sustainable and nourishing place.

25. Complex Trauma / Developmental Trauma – Complex trauma or developmental trauma refers to repeated or long-term experiences of stress, harm, or emotional neglect, often beginning in childhood or within important relationships. Rather than a single event, this type of trauma can shape how a person sees themselves, others, and the world, and can affect attachment, trust, emotional regulation, and coping. Many people who struggle with substance use or codependency are doing their best to survive the echoes of complex trauma. Healing involves safety, connection, and patient support that honours how these experiences have shaped both pain and resilience.

26. Co-occurring Disorders / Concurrent Disorders – describe when a person is living with both substance use challenges and one or more mental health concerns, such as anxiety, depression, PTSD, or bipolar disorder. These conditions can influence each other in complex ways, and neither is a sign of weakness or failure. When care is integrated and trauma-informed, people are supported as whole human beings rather than separate problems to be solved. Treating co-occurring concerns together often leads to more sustainable recovery and improved quality of life.

27. Coping Strategies – Addiction coping strategies focus on replacing unhealthy behaviours with healthy ones, involving mindfulness (deep breaths, meditation), physical activity (exercise, walks), distraction (hobbies, music, reading), social support (calling friends, therapy, support groups), and trigger management (avoiding risky situations, removing cues). Key techniques include learning to relax, being honest, practicing self-compassion, journaling, and finding purpose through creative or altruistic activities to build a fulfilling life away from substance use. 

28. Co-regulation – is the process by which one person’s calm, steady presence helps another person’s nervous system settle. It can happen through tone of voice, body language, listening, or simple connection, such as sitting together in silence. In recovery, co-regulation is especially important because many people have learned to manage distress alone or through substances and behaviours. Supportive relationships, groups, and family practices that encourage co-regulation help people feel safer, less reactive, and more able to use their skills.

29. Core Values – In addiction recovery, core values are the fundamental beliefs and guiding principles that individuals identify, adopt, and align their behaviours with to build and sustain a meaningful life beyond addiction. Addiction often leads individuals to act in ways that conflict with their true selves, and recovery provides an opportunity to rediscover and embrace these values.

30. Craving – In addiction recovery, a craving is an intense, often overwhelming urge or desire to use a substance (like drugs, alcohol) or engage in a behaviour, stemming from brain changes due to addiction, and acting as a major trigger for relapse, fueled by physical sensations, emotional states (stress, boredom), or environmental cues. It's a normal part of recovery, a powerful mental and physical pull to seek relief or pleasure from the substance, even while trying to stay abstinent, and managing cravings is crucial for long-term sobriety.

31. Cross-Addiction – Replacing one substance or compulsive behaviour with another, like swapping alcohol for gambling, food, sex, or even prescription drugs, because the underlying addictive brain pathways remain vulnerable and seek similar rewards or relief. It's a common pitfall where someone stops their primary addiction but develops a new compulsive habit to cope with stress, boredom, or emotional pain, often activating the same reward centers, hindering true recovery. 

32. Curiosity (in recovery) – An intentional, mindful approach to examining one's relationship with alcohol or other substances without immediate commitment to lifelong abstinence. It is a process of self-reflection and exploration driven by a desire for personal wellness and clarity, rather than a response to severe addiction or a requirement of traditional recovery programs.

33. Defensive Mechanisms – Unconscious psychological strategies individuals use to cope with anxiety-producing or distressing thoughts, feelings, and situations. They are typically involuntary behaviours or mental processes that shield the mind from direct awareness of unpleasant realities or internal conflicts. The underlying purpose is to maintain self-esteem and protect the ego by distorting, denying, or avoiding threats. Your mind automatically employs these mechanisms—such as repression, denial, or projection—to reduce emotional discomfort and allow you to internally manage situations that would otherwise feel overwhelming or unacceptable.

34. Denial – A psychological defense mechanism where individuals refuse to acknowledge their substance or behavioral problem, minimizing its severity or blaming external factors, which prevents them from seeking help and continues the addictive cycle by distorting reality and avoiding painful truths about their use.

35. Detachment with Love –is the practice of stepping back from trying to control another person’s choices while still caring deeply about them. It does not mean abandoning or punishing someone. Instead, it means recognising where your responsibility ends and theirs begins, and allowing natural consequences to unfold while keeping your heart open. For loved ones in recovery spaces, detachment with love protects their own well-being, allows for healthier boundaries, and often creates more honest, respectful relationships.

36. Detox (Detoxification) – The crucial first phase of clearing harmful substances (drugs/alcohol) from the body, managing acute withdrawal symptoms (physical/mental discomfort, tremors, anxiety, etc.), and stabilizing the patient medically, all to prepare them for ongoing addiction treatment and prevent severe health risks, often involving medical supervision for safety. It's not treatment itself, but a necessary bridge, focusing on safely ending substance dependence. 

37. Dependence – In addiction recovery, dependence refers to the body's physiological adaptation to a substance, causing withdrawal symptoms (like nausea, tremors, or anxiety) if use stops, while addiction is a more complex brain disorder involving compulsive, uncontrollable craving and use despite severe negative consequences, with dependence often being a component of addiction, but not always the same thing. Recovery addresses both: detoxing from physical dependence (withdrawal) and treating the psychological addiction (cravings, triggers, loss of control) through therapy and support to rebuild life without the substance. 

38. Depression (in recovery) – In the context of addiction recovery, depression is defined as a common, yet challenging, mood state characterized by persistent sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest in activities, which occurs as the body and mind adjust to functioning without the previously abused substances. It is a frequent co-occurring condition with substance use disorders and can manifest either as a substance-induced symptom during withdrawal or as a separate, pre-existing (or independent) mental illness.

39. Disclosure –  The process by which an individual voluntarily shares personal information about their substance use history, treatment, and recovery status with others. This act is deeply tied to managing the stigma associated with addiction and is a key factor in building social support and accountability.

40. Distress Tolerance – an individual's perceived and actual ability to endure uncomfortable emotional and physical states without resorting to substance use or other harmful coping mechanisms. Individuals with low distress tolerance often become overwhelmed by stress, anger, anxiety, or sadness and may use drugs or alcohol as an immediate, albeit self-destructive, escape. The core idea is that developing healthy, adaptive ways to withstand emotional discomfort is a crucial skill for achieving and maintaining long-term abstinence and preventing relapse. 

41. Drug of Choice (DOC) – refers to the specific substance or behaviour a person has come to rely on most for relief, reward, or escape. It may be alcohol, opioids, cannabis, stimulants, gambling, gaming, or any pattern that temporarily soothes distress or shifts emotional state. The DOC is often less about the substance itself and more about the emotional need it appears to solve in the moment. Understanding someone’s drug of choice with curiosity rather than judgement helps uncover what they have been trying to cope with, and guides the development of healthier ways to meet those needs in recovery.

42. Dual Diagnosis –is a commonly used term for when a person is living with both a mental health condition and a substance use challenge at the same time. It highlights that there is more than one area of concern, and that each can affect the other. Rather than seeing someone as “too complicated,” dual diagnosis reminds us that integrated, coordinated care is needed so that people do not fall through service gaps and can receive support that honours the full picture of their experience.

43. Early Recovery –  The crucial initial phase of addiction recovery, typically the first 90 days to a year, focused on achieving and maintaining initial sobriety, learning new coping skills, managing intense cravings and emotional shifts, rebuilding life structures (habits, relationships, responsibilities), and preventing relapse as the brain begins healing, often requiring intense support and new sober routines. 

44. Emotional Nexus Recovery Model / Principles (ENR)™ – is a holistic approach to healing that recognizes recovery happens across the whole person: biological, psychological, social, spiritual, and cognitive. At the heart of ENR is the understanding that emotions are the central driving force behind coping patterns, including substance use, compulsive behaviours, or codependent responses. When emotions feel overwhelming or unsafe, individuals often reach for strategies that bring relief in the moment, even if they cause harm over time. ENR helps people build emotional safety, strengthen nervous system regulation, and engage in supportive relationships, while also tending to physical health, meaning, beliefs, and ways of thinking. It is not about removing a behaviour alone, but about healing the emotional core so that new, healthier coping strategies and a more fulfilling quality of life can take root and last.

45. Emotional Regulation – In addiction recovery, emotional regulation is the ability to manage and respond to emotional experiences in healthy, adaptive ways without resorting to substance use. This skill is fundamental because many individuals use drugs or alcohol as an unhealthy coping mechanism to numb or escape overwhelming negative feelings like stress, anxiety, or sadness.

46. Emotional Safety –is the experience of feeling respected, heard, and free from shaming or mocking when sharing thoughts and feelings. It does not mean that conversations are always easy, but that people can be honest without fear of being attacked, humiliated, or dismissed. In recovery, emotional safety is essential for both individuals and loved ones to explore hard truths, talk about relapse risk, and process grief or anger. Work grounded in emotional safety allows people to take healthy risks in vulnerability, knowing they will be met with care and boundaries rather than judgement.

47. Emotional Sobriety / Emotional Recovery – refers to a growing ability to experience and move through feelings without being controlled by them or needing to escape them through substances or destructive behaviours. It does not mean never feeling intense emotions; it is about developing enough awareness, support, and skills to respond rather than react. For loved ones, emotional recovery may involve learning to step out of crisis mode, honour their own needs, and rebuild a sense of steadiness. This deeper layer of healing often becomes the heart of long-term recovery and improved quality of life.

48. Emotional Triggers – Internal feelings or emotional states that activate the brain's reward pathways and create an intense urge (craving) to use a substance or engage in an addictive behaviour. These triggers stem from the brain's learned association between certain emotions and the temporary relief or pleasure previously provided by substance use or behaviour.

49. Empathy – To genuinely understand and share the feelings and struggles of someone with a substance use disorder, create a nonjudgmental, safe space to heal, rebuild trust, and foster connection, and to help both the person recovering and their support system move past shame and isolation toward healthy relationships and purpose. It involves actively listening, validating emotions without condoning actions, and recognizing the shared human experience of suffering to fuel self-healing and support others.

50. Enabling – Is a pattern of behaviour, often driven by codependency (an unhealthy emotional or behavioural reliance on a partner or family member), that unintentionally shields an addicted person from the natural, negative consequences of their substance use. This inadvertent protection allows the addiction to continue by making it easier for them to keep using, rather than forcing them to face reality and seek help. Enabling often stems from a place of love, fear, shame, or an overwhelming need to be needed or in control of the situation. It involves doing things for the addicted person they could or should do themselves, such as: making excuses for their behaviour, paying bills or debts incurred from substance abuse, covering up their actions or lying to others, or providing financial support that is then used to fuel the addiction. By removing accountability and the emotional discomfort that might motivate change, enabling delays the person's motivation to seek treatment and perpetuates a destructive cycle for everyone involved.

51. Enmeshment –describes a relationship pattern where emotional boundaries are blurred and people’s identities or responsibilities become overly tangled. This can show up as feeling responsible for another person’s feelings, choices, or recovery, or feeling unable to have a separate opinion or life. Enmeshment often develops from love, fear, or a wish to protect, but it can lead to exhaustion and resentment for everyone involved. Healing involves gently separating responsibilities, strengthening individual identities, and building connection that honours both closeness and individuality.

52. Family Dynamics – Family dynamics in addiction recovery refer to the patterns, roles, and interactions within a family system, which can either fuel addiction (through codependency, enabling, poor communication) or significantly aid recovery (through healthy boundaries, support, empathy, and open communication). Addiction is viewed as a symptom of systemic dysfunction, where the entire family unit is affected, and healing involves changing these unhealthy patterns, fostering accountability, and rebuilding trust for lasting sobriety.

53. Family Support – A comprehensive approach where a person's closest emotional connections (relatives, partners, or chosen friends) actively engage in the treatment process to create a healthy and supportive environment that promotes long-term sobriety and healing for the entire family unit. This support shifts the dynamic from a cycle of addiction and enabling to one of mutual growth and accountability.

54. Forgiveness – In addiction recovery, forgiveness is defined as the intentional and voluntary process of releasing the intense emotional burdens of anger, resentment, shame, and guilt toward both oneself and others for past wrongs. It is a crucial internal process for healing and personal growth, allowing individuals to move forward without being continuously defined by their past mistakes. This process is an act of self-liberation, distinct from necessarily condoning past harmful behaviour or being obligated to reconcile damaged relationships.

55. Function of Use – The underlying reasons, needs, or emotional/psychological challenges that a person's substance use serves to address or temporarily relieve. Rather than simply being about pleasure, substance use often develops a specific function over time.

56. God of our understanding – In addiction recovery, the "God of our understanding" (also referred to as a Higher Power or "a power greater than ourselves") is an intentionally inclusive and non-denominational concept that allows individuals to define a source of strength and guidance that is personal and meaningful to them, without adhering to a specific religious doctrine. 

57. Grief – In the context of addiction recovery, grief is defined as the natural emotional and physical response to the numerous losses experienced both during active addiction and throughout the recovery process. This extends beyond the conventional understanding of grief related to the death of a loved one and includes several types of losses:

    Loss of the primary coping tool: The individual in recovery experiences conflicting feelings caused by the end of their relationship with the substance or behaviour (alcohol, drugs, etc.) that served as a primary coping mechanism and a familiar pattern of behaviour.

    Personal losses for the individual: This encompasses the loss of identity, relationships, social circles, time, opportunities, and a familiar way of life that were intertwined with their addiction.

    Losses for loved ones: Family members and friends also experience significant, often disenfranchised, grief related to the changes in family dynamics, loss of hope for the future as planned, and the ongoing uncertainty, despair, and stigma associated with the substance use disorder (SUD). This may include the loss of the "old" person they knew before addiction took hold or, tragically, the death of a family member due to substance use.

    Addressing this grief is considered a crucial step toward healing and lasting recovery for both the individual with the SUD and their family members.

58. Grounding Techniques – Therapeutic strategies that help individuals reconnect with the present moment to manage intense emotions, stress, cravings, and triggers. These techniques redirect attention away from distressing thoughts, traumatic memories, or the urge to use substances, anchoring the person in their current physical reality.

59. Group Therapy – Group therapy for addiction recovery is a structured, therapist-led therapy where individuals with substance use disorders share experiences in a supportive setting, reducing isolation, teaching coping skills, fostering accountability, and providing a "rehearsal space" for real-life sober interactions, proving essential for breaking cycles of addiction through shared understanding and peer support.

60. Guilt – An emotion of remorse and regret focused on specific actions and behaviours that harmed oneself or others during active addiction. It stems from a violation of one's personal values or moral standards. Guilt differs from shame (which focuses on the self as a bad person—"I am bad") because it is centered on behaviour ("I did something bad"). When managed healthily, guilt can be a constructive, motivating force in recovery.

61. Harm Reduction –  A pragmatic, non-judgmental public health approach that focuses on minimizing the negative consequences of substance use, rather than requiring complete abstinence as a precondition for support. It is an evidence-based set of strategies designed to "meet people where they are at" in their recovery journey.

62. Higher Power – In addiction recovery, a "Higher Power" (HP) is a personal, non-specific spiritual force, concept, or entity (like God, Nature, the Universe, or a support group) that a person turns to for strength, guidance, and to surrender control, recognizing they can't overcome addiction alone, providing hope and purpose beyond self, and is central to 12-Step programs but not tied to any specific religion. 

63. High-Risk Situation – A specific circumstance—emotional, social, or environmental—that significantly increases the likelihood of relapse by triggering intense cravings, emotional distress, or vulnerability, making it extremely difficult to maintain sobriety and resist the urge to use the substance. These situations often mirror past substance use patterns or overwhelm coping skills, requiring immediate recognition and proactive management.

64. Honesty (in recovery) – An uncompromising commitment to truthfulness with oneself and others, which serves as the foundational principle for sustainable sobriety and personal growth. It involves acknowledging one's feelings, behaviours, and the full extent of the addiction without denial, minimization, or evasion. 

65. Hope – is the quiet but powerful belief that change is possible, even when the path forward is not yet clear. It is not forced positivity or pretending things are easy. In recovery, hope might look like noticing one small difference, remembering that others have walked this road, or being willing to try again after a setback. Hope is nourished through connection, honest stories of healing, and small wins that show life can become more manageable and meaningful over time.

66. Hopelessness –  A pervasive sense of despair and pessimism, characterized by the belief that one's situation will never improve and that efforts to change are futile. This feeling becomes a significant emotional barrier that can lead to a lack of motivation, social withdrawal, and a high risk of relapse. 

67. Identity Shift / Recovery Identity –refers to the inner transformation that happens as someone moves from seeing themselves only through the lens of addiction, crisis, or caregiving to seeing themselves as a whole person with strengths, values, and a future. This might mean shifting from “I am broken” to “I am a person in recovery,” or from “I am only a supporter” to “I am also someone who deserves care.” These shifts are gradual and deeply personal, and they are central to building a life that feels worth protecting and nurturing.

68. Individual Counselling –  A one-on-one, confidential process where a client works with a trained professional to identify and change the thought patterns and behaviours that fuel substance abuse. It is a core component of most treatment plans, distinct from group or family therapy by its personalized, client-focused approach. This personalized approach is particularly effective for shame reduction, as it provides a safe, non-judgmental space for clients to explore past actions and underlying trauma without fear of condemnation. The goal of this shame-sensitive care is to foster a sense of acceptance and build resilience, empowering individuals to break the cycle of shame that often fuels addiction and paving the way for lasting healing and sobriety.

69. Intervention – is a planned and supportive process that brings together caring people to help someone struggling with substance use recognise the impact of their substance use and take a meaningful step toward treatment. Instead of surprise confrontations that are often shown in media, many interventions today are guided by trained professionals who help loved ones express their concerns with clarity, compassion, and respect. The facilitator ensures the conversation remains grounded and focused, helps the group prepare a clear treatment plan in advance, and supports them in setting healthy boundaries if treatment is declined. At its heart, an intervention is an act of love and protection, aiming to replace fear and uncertainty with safety, choice, and a clear path forward in recovery.

70. Intrusive Thoughts – Unwanted, involuntary, and repetitive mental events (thoughts, images, or urges) that pop into the mind and can include intense cravings for the substance, negative self-talk, or feelings of guilt and shame tied to past actions. These thoughts can be distressing and can pose an internal risk to sobriety and can trigger a relapse if not managed effectively.

71. Isolation – The voluntary or involuntary separation of an individual from social contact and supportive relationships, which is a major obstacle to sustained sobriety and a significant trigger for relapse. While moderate, intentional solitude for self-care can be healthy, the isolation associated with addiction is a destructive state characterized by a lack of social connection and can be both physical and emotional. 

72. Judgement (self or others) – refers to the external stigma and internal self-criticism that label substance use as a personal flaw rather than a human response to stress, pain, or unmet needs. This can include negative assumptions, shame-based beliefs, and harsh expectations directed at oneself or others. Judgement can create fear, isolation, and avoidance of support, making it harder to seek help or feel deserving of care. Reducing judgement allows space for compassion, dignity, and a more accurate understanding of addiction as a complex and treatable health concern.

73. Justification – refers to the understandable human tendency to create explanations for substance use that help reduce emotional discomfort or protect a person’s sense of self during difficult moments. These explanations can sometimes downplay risks or consequences, not out of intentional avoidance, but because the brain is trying to cope with stress, shame, or fear. While these narratives may temporarily offer relief, they can also make it harder to fully acknowledge needs or accept support. Approaching justification with curiosity rather than criticism can open the door to insight, accountability, and meaningful change in recovery.

74. Lapse – A brief, isolated return to substance use or an addictive behaviour, unlike a full relapse, where use becomes uncontrolled; a lapse is a momentary setback, a chance to learn from triggers and refine coping, often immediately regretted, while a relapse signifies a deeper return to the addictive pattern, requiring renewed treatment focus, though some experts see lapses as potential precursors to full relapse, stressing immediate correction.

75. Letting Go – In addiction recovery, "letting go" is a vital concept synonymous with surrender. It is the process of admitting powerlessness over the addiction and relinquishing the illusion of control to focus on internal change and growth. 

76. Levels of Care / Continuum of Care – Levels of care or the continuum of care describes the different intensities and types of support available in the recovery journey, such as outpatient counselling, intensive outpatient programs, residential treatment, and withdrawal management services. Rather than a one-time fix, care is seen as a series of connected steps that can be adjusted as needs change. Understanding levels of care helps individuals and families make informed decisions, reduce fear of the unknown, and see recovery as a flexible pathway rather than a single event.

77. Lived Experience –  refers to the knowledge, insight, and perspective gained through directly navigating a significant life challenge or identity, rather than learning about it only through study or observation. It recognizes that the wisdom people carry from their own journeys holds as much value as formal education or clinical expertise, especially when it comes to understanding the emotional and relational realities of healing.

    Within addiction and recovery care, a professional with lived experience is someone who has personally experienced substance use challenges and recovery, and who now uses that insight responsibly and intentionally to support others. Their presence offers hope, reduces stigma, and strengthens trust because they can genuinely relate to the courage and vulnerability required to make changes.

    Similarly, a professional with lived experience supporting a loved one impacted by addiction brings a deep understanding of the stress, uncertainty, and heartache that families often face. They draw from their own learning and growth to guide others toward healthier boundaries, emotional safety, and connection.

    In both cases, lived experience is not the story of what happened to someone. It is the strength, empathy, and practical wisdom they carry forward, offering others a sense of possibility and belonging in their own recovery journeys.

78. Long-Term Recovery – A sustained, voluntarily maintained lifestyle (typically for five years or more) that extends far beyond mere abstinence from substances. It is a continuous, lifelong process of personal transformation, growth, and improved overall well-being across physical, mental, and social domains.

79. Maintenance (recovery maintenance) – in recovery refers to the ongoing process of nurturing the changes that support a healthier, more satisfying life after substance use has reduced or stopped. Rather than focusing only on preventing a return to use, this stage centres on building confidence, connection, purpose, and emotional well-being. Recovery maintenance includes practising new skills, strengthening supports, and continuing personal growth in ways that enhance daily life. It honours that recovery is not just about what someone moves away from, but also about what they move toward: a life that feels safer, more connected, and truly worth staying present for.

80. Medically Assisted Withdrawal – refers to a supportive medical process that helps a person safely navigate the physical and emotional changes that can happen when reducing or stopping substance use. Under the care of healthcare professionals, withdrawal is monitored and managed with appropriate medications, comfort measures, and emotional support to ease symptoms and reduce health risks. This approach helps people feel safer and more stable during a vulnerable period, making it easier to transition into ongoing recovery and a healthier quality of life.

81. Mindfulness – The practice of maintaining a focused, non-judgmental awareness of the present moment to develop healthier coping mechanisms for triggers, cravings, and emotional distress. It helps individuals in recovery to observe their thoughts and feelings as temporary "mental events" without automatically reacting to them with substance use.

82. Motivation – The crucial, dynamic driving force—both internal and external—that propels an individual to initiate, persist in, and maintain the process of behavioural change necessary to overcome substance dependence and build a healthy, fulfilling life. 

83. Motivational Interviewing (MI) –is a counselling approach that views people as experts in their own lives and works with, rather than against, their ambivalence about change. Instead of lecturing or confronting, MI uses empathy, open questions, and reflections to help individuals hear their own reasons for change and strengthen their sense of choice. This approach is helpful for both individuals and loved ones, because it respects autonomy, reduces defensiveness, and supports change through collaboration and curiosity, not pressure.

84. Mutual Support – Non-clinical, community-based programs where individuals with shared experiences and goals provide social, emotional, and practical support to one another to achieve and maintain long-term recovery.

85. Myths About Addiction – are widely held misunderstandings and oversimplified beliefs that can create stigma, fear, and barriers to support. These myths may include assumptions that substance use is a simple choice, that people should be able to “just stop,” or that recovery must look the same for everyone. When these misconceptions take hold, they can discourage individuals and families from seeking help, and can lead to judgement instead of care. Challenging myths and replacing them with accurate, compassionate understanding helps reduce shame and supports healthier pathways to recovery.

86. Negative Self-Talk – Persistent, critical, and self-defeating internal dialogue that undermines an individual's self-worth and ability to maintain sobriety. Often called "stinking thinking" in recovery communities, this pattern of thought is a significant barrier to progress and increases the risk of relapse by fostering feelings of shame, hopelessness, and self-doubt. 

87. Nervous System Regulation –is the ability to notice when your body is in states of calm, activation, or shutdown, and to use strategies that help you return to a state where you feel more grounded and present. In recovery, many people discover that their nervous system has been living in survival mode for a long time. Through practices like breathing, movement, grounding, connection, and rest, individuals and loved ones can gradually teach their nervous system that safety is possible, making it easier to use coping skills and engage in healthy relationships.

88. Non-Judgmental Support – An approach that provides a safe, compassionate, and stigma-free environment where individuals feel respected and understood, regardless of their struggles or history. This approach views addiction as a complex health condition, not a moral failing, and focuses on empathy, acceptance, and person-first language to foster trust and encourage open communication.

89. Normalization – In the context of addiction recovery, normalization generally refers to two distinct concepts: a therapeutic technique used to help individuals feel understood and less stigmatized, and a controversial societal trend where drug and alcohol use becomes more socially accepted.

90. Opioid Use – A problematic, compulsive pattern of consuming natural or synthetic opioids that results in distress and functional impairment, a condition officially known as Opioid Use Disorder (OUD).

91. Overdose – occurs when a substance overwhelms the body’s ability to process it, leading to dangerous or life-threatening effects. It can happen with substances that are prescribed, legal, or unregulated, and may be unintentional or the result of someone feeling distressed and seeking relief. An overdose is a medical emergency, not a measure of a person’s worth or intentions, and responding quickly with emergency care can save a life.

92. Overwhelm – In the context of addiction recovery, overwhelm refers to a state of being flooded by intense thoughts, emotions, and physical sensations to a degree that an individual feels unable to cope or function effectively. This feeling is a significant challenge in recovery and can be a potential trigger for relapse.

93. Peer Support – is a collaborative form of help offered by people who have personally navigated similar challenges, whether related to substance use, behavioural addictions, or supporting someone they care about. It is built on empathy, mutual respect, and the reassurance of “you are not alone.” Rather than a clinical dynamic, peer support creates a sense of belonging where individuals can share real life strategies, explore emotional safety, and grow confidence in their own abilities. This connection can reduce shame and isolation while strengthening hope and quality of life throughout recovery.

94. Personal Responsibility – in recovery refers to recognizing your role in shaping your own healing and taking meaningful steps that support your wellbeing. It is not about blame or criticism. It is about acknowledging what you need, caring for yourself with intention, and making choices that align with the life you want to build. With support from others, personal responsibility grows through daily practice, learning new coping strategies, setting boundaries, and staying connected to your values. It reflects the belief that you deserve a healthier, more fulfilling life and that you have an important part to play in creating it.

95. Post-Acute Withdrawal Syndrome (PAWS) –  lingering psychological, emotional, and neurological symptoms (like mood swings, anxiety, fatigue, sleep issues, brain fog, cravings) that continue for weeks, months, or even years after the initial, acute physical withdrawal from drugs or alcohol ends, as the brain readjusts, often acting as a major trigger for relapse in early recovery. 

96. Post-Traumatic Growth – refers to the positive changes that some people report over time as they heal from difficult or traumatic experiences. This does not mean that trauma is good, or that anyone is expected to “be grateful” for what they went through. Instead, it recognises that alongside pain, some individuals eventually notice new strengths, deeper compassion, different priorities, or a stronger sense of meaning. In recovery, naming post-traumatic growth can honour both the hardship and the courage it took to keep going.

97. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) – is a mental health condition that can develop after experiencing or witnessing a distressing or threatening event. PTSD may involve symptoms such as intrusive memories, heightened alertness, avoidance of reminders, changes in mood, and difficulties with trust or safety. For some people, substance use can become a way to cope with overwhelming emotions or memories related to trauma, which may complicate the recovery process. When PTSD and substance use challenges occur together, healing tends to be most effective when both are supported with trauma-informed care, helping individuals feel understood, safer in their own bodies, and more connected to others as they rebuild quality of life.

98. Powerlessness – in recovery describes the honest recognition that substance use has taken on a life of its own, and that efforts to control it alone have become overwhelming. Acknowledging this does not mean weakness or failure. It opens the door to support, connection, and new possibilities. By naming what feels unmanageable, a person can shift from isolation toward hope, receiving help from others and discovering healthier ways to cope. It is a moment of clarity that invites change, reminding us that recovery is not meant to be carried by willpower alone, but supported by community, compassion, and ongoing care.

99. Process / Behavioural Addictions – involve patterns of compulsive engagement in activities such as gambling, gaming, shopping, sex, or internet use, where the behaviour becomes a primary way to cope with emotions, stress, or distress. Over time, these behaviours can start to feel out of control and cause harm to health, relationships, or finances, even without substances. Understanding behavioural addictions through a compassionate lens helps individuals and loved ones move away from blame and toward support, skills, and structures that create safer, more balanced ways of meeting underlying needs.

100. ​​Protective Factors –are the strengths, supports, and conditions that help reduce the impact of risk and make recovery more sustainable. These can include stable housing, supportive relationships, access to care, cultural or spiritual connection, coping skills, meaningful work or activities, and a sense of purpose. Protective factors do not erase hardship, but they act like anchors, helping individuals and families stay more grounded during stress. Building protective factors is a hopeful, strength-based way to support long-term well-being.

101. Psychoeducation –  is the supportive sharing of clear, practical, and evidence-informed information that helps individuals and families better understand substance use, recovery, and well-being. It offers knowledge that can reduce fear and confusion, increase motivation for change, and empower people with skills they can use in everyday life. In recovery settings, psychoeducation helps replace shame with understanding and gives people the tools to make informed, confident choices that improve their quality of life.

102. Purpose – In the context of addiction recovery, purpose is a powerful, intrinsic motivator and a guiding compass that helps individuals build a meaningful, fulfilling life beyond mere abstinence. It is the fundamental "why"—the reason for making daily choices that support sobriety and personal growth.

103. Recovery – is a personal and evolving process of building a life that feels meaningful, grounded, and worth staying present for. It is not defined only by reducing or stopping substance use, but by growing emotional well-being, strengthening relationships, and reconnecting with purpose and joy. Recovery invites people to discover new ways of coping, express their strengths, and shape a future that aligns with their values. It is a journey that unfolds one step at a time, supported by community, compassion, and the belief that everyone deserves a fulfilling and self-directed life. 

104. Recovery Ally – A recovery ally is someone who chooses to stand alongside individuals living with substance use or behavioural challenges, offering understanding, encouragement, and respect without judgement. This may be a family member, partner, friend, coworker, or community member who is committed to learning, setting healthy boundaries, and supporting change in ways that honour everyone’s well-being. Being a recovery ally is not about fixing someone; it is about walking with them, promoting dignity, and helping create environments where recovery can take root.

105. Recovery Capital – Recovery Capital (RC) in addiction recovery is the sum of internal (skills, health) and external (social networks, finances, housing, community support) resources an individual uses to initiate and sustain recovery, focusing on strengths rather than deficits, and growing as recovery strengthens. It's built across four key areas: Human (skills, knowledge), Social (supportive relationships), Physical (housing, finances, health), and Cultural (values, beliefs, community acceptance). 

106. Recovery-Oriented Language – A person-centered, hopeful communication style that replaces stigmatizing labels with empowering terms, focusing on an individual's strengths and potential for a meaningful life, rather than defining them by their substance use disorder (SUD). It emphasizes "person-first" language (e.g., "person with an addiction" instead of "addict"), validates experiences, fosters autonomy, and avoids judgment to build trust and promote self-efficacy on their unique recovery journey. 

107. Recovery Maintenance Plan / Relapse Prevention Plan –is a personalised, living document that outlines how an individual will support their ongoing recovery in everyday life. It often includes early warning signs, personal triggers, coping strategies, supports to contact, daily practices that protect well-being, and steps to take if a lapse or relapse occurs. Rather than focusing on fear, a good plan is grounded in self-awareness, strengths, and realistic life circumstances, helping people feel more prepared and less alone as they navigate change over time.

108. Recovery Maintenance Skills / Relapse Prevention Skills – are the practical tools, mindsets, and supports that help individuals and loved ones recognise early warning signs and respond before old patterns take over. These may include identifying high-risk situations, using grounding and self-soothing strategies, reaching out for support, adjusting routines, and challenging unhelpful thoughts. Relapse prevention is not about perfection; it is about building enough awareness and flexibility to catch small slips, learn from them, and return to safety and support more quickly.

109. Reflection –  A crucial, ongoing process of intentional introspection and evaluation where individuals examine their thoughts, feelings, behaviours, and past experiences to understand the root causes of their addiction and inform healthier future choices.

110. Relapse –  is the return to old coping patterns during recovery, which may include substance use, compulsive behaviours, or codependent responses. It often begins long before any substance is taken, showing up first in thoughts, emotions, or habits that signal someone is feeling overwhelmed, disconnected, or under-supported. Relapse is not a failure. It is a message that something in a person’s environment or well-being needs attention and care. By understanding these early warning signs, individuals and their supports can strengthen coping strategies, rebuild connection, and continue moving toward a life that feels safer and more fulfilling. 

111. Repair (Relational Repair) – is the process of acknowledging harm, taking responsibility where appropriate, and working to rebuild trust and connection after conflict, rupture, or painful events. In recovery, relationships often carry a history of broken promises, fear, or hurt on all sides. Repair does not always mean full reconciliation, but it can involve honest conversations, changed behaviour, and clear boundaries that respect everyone’s safety. Relational repair reminds people that healing in relationships is possible, and that small steps toward honesty and care can help rebuild connection over time.

112. Resentment – is the lingering emotional weight that can build when hurt, disappointment, or unmet needs are not fully addressed. It may show up as anger, bitterness, or ongoing tension toward oneself or others, often rooted in experiences that felt unfair or painful. Resentment can protect us in moments when we feel powerless, yet over time it can become exhausting and isolating. In recovery, acknowledging resentment with honesty and care can help create space for healing, clearer communication, and improved well-being.

113. Residential Treatment – refers to living temporarily in a supportive and structured environment where individuals can focus fully on their healing and well-being. These programs provide round-the-clock care and a community that encourages connection, safety, and skills for long-term recovery. With counselling, group support, healthy routines, and space away from daily pressures or triggers, residential treatment offers a chance to reset, rebuild confidence, and strengthen the foundations of a healthier and more hopeful life.

114. Resilience – is the inner and learned capacity to move through challenges, stress, and setbacks while continuing to care for your own healing and well-being. It reflects how a person adapts, finds support, and reconnects with hope when things feel difficult. In recovery, resilience grows through practice: learning new coping tools, reaching out instead of withdrawing, and discovering that every step forward counts. It is not about never struggling. It is about knowing that struggle does not erase progress and that you can rise again, supported by your strengths and your community.

115. Risk Factor – refers to any condition, experience, or circumstance that can make someone more vulnerable to turning to substances or returning to old coping patterns during recovery. These factors do not cause addiction or relapse on their own, and they do not define a person’s future. They are simply signals that someone may need extra support, connection, or tools to protect their well-being. Understanding risk factors helps people and their loved ones respond with care and prevention, strengthening resilience and pathways to a healthier life.

116. Rock Bottom – is a deeply personal moment of recognition when someone becomes aware that their current way of coping is no longer working and that change feels necessary for their well-being. It is less about how severe the circumstances appear from the outside and more about an internal shift in perspective. Media often portrays rock bottom as a dramatic crisis, but in reality it can be a quiet moment of clarity, a growing realization, or a simple decision to try something different. Rock bottom does not need to be traumatic or life threatening, and no one needs to reach a lowest point to deserve help. What matters is the turning toward recovery, not how far someone has fallen before that turn becomes possible.

117. Safety Plan – A personalized, written list of coping strategies and sources of support designed to help an individual manage cravings, identify triggers, and prevent relapse or self-harm during moments of distress or crisis. 

118. Secondary Trauma / Vicarious Trauma – describes the emotional and psychological impact of being repeatedly exposed to another person’s pain, crisis, or traumatic stories. Loved ones, peer supporters, and professionals may find themselves carrying images, fears, or feelings that do not entirely belong to them, but have built up through ongoing exposure. This does not mean they are weak; it reflects how deeply human beings can be affected by the suffering of others. Recognising secondary trauma opens the door to supervision, support, and self-care practices that protect long-term well-being.

119. Self-Awareness –  is the growing ability to notice and understand your own thoughts, emotions, behaviours, and physical sensations, and how they shape the way you move through life. In recovery, self awareness helps you recognize patterns and needs with more compassion, making space for choice instead of automatic reactions. It encourages honesty without judgement, and supports decisions that align with your values, well-being, and the life you are working toward. It is a skill that develops over time, strengthening clarity, confidence, and connection with yourself and others.

120. Self-Care – In addiction recovery, self-care means actively engaging in physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual activities to build a healthy lifestyle beyond sobriety, focusing on holistic well-being, stress management, and relapse prevention through habits like good nutrition, exercise, setting boundaries, mindfulness, therapy, and nurturing positive relationships, essentially prioritizing your health to create a resilient foundation for long-term recovery.

121. Self-Compassion – is the practice of responding to your own pain, mistakes, or struggles with the same kindness and understanding you might offer a dear friend. In recovery, this means gently challenging harsh self-talk, recognising that suffering and imperfection are part of being human, and choosing supportive actions rather than punishment. For loved ones, self-compassion can soften guilt and over-responsibility. Over time, self-compassion becomes a stabilising force that supports resilience, wise choices, and a more caring relationship with oneself.

122. Self-Efficacy – is the growing belief that you can influence your own life and handle challenges that arise. It is built through experiences of “I did that,” even in small ways, such as getting through a craving, having a hard conversation, or reaching out for help instead of isolating. In recovery, self-efficacy counters feelings of helplessness and shows individuals and loved ones that change is not only possible, but already happening in small steps. This confidence often strengthens motivation and commitment to ongoing healing.

123. Self-Esteem –  is the felt sense that your life has worth and that you deserve care, belonging, and possibility. In recovery, it can mean learning to see yourself with more kindness, acknowledging strengths as well as struggles, and believing that you are capable of growth. Loved ones navigating someone else’s addiction also benefit from rebuilding self esteem, especially when stress and worry have overshadowed their own needs. Self esteem is not about perfection or performance. It grows through small acts of self respect, healthy boundaries, and the recognition that every person is worthy of well-being and a life that feels meaningful.

124. Self-Medication – refers to using substances or certain behaviours to soothe emotional pain, stress, or distress when other supports or coping tools may feel out of reach. It can offer temporary comfort or relief, which is why it can become a familiar strategy during difficult times. Over the long term, though, it often adds new challenges and can make healing more complex. Understanding self medication with curiosity rather than judgement helps individuals and loved ones explore what the substance or behaviour has been helping them manage, and opens the door to safer, more supportive ways of caring for emotional well-being. 

125. Self-Soothing – refers to the skills and practices a person uses to comfort and calm themselves in healthy ways when they feel distressed, overwhelmed, or triggered. This might include breathing exercises, warm drinks, music, movement, grounding, creative expression, or connecting with reassuring memories. For people who have relied on substances or behaviours to cope, learning self-soothing is a powerful part of recovery. It affirms that comfort and relief are still possible without harm, and that the individual can be a safe place for themselves.

126. Shame – is the painful belief that something is wrong with who you are at your core, not just with what you have done. It can feel like being unlovable, unworthy, or beyond repair. Shame often grows from experiences of trauma, rejection, or unmet emotional needs, and it can lead people to hide, disconnect, or use substances and other behaviours to escape the heaviness of that feeling. As David Hawkins and other emotional researchers note, shame is among the lowest human emotional states, because it isolates us from support and convinces us that we do not deserve care. In recovery, healing shame means gently challenging those beliefs, allowing compassion to replace self-attack, and reconnecting with a truer understanding of your inherent dignity. When shame loses its power, people discover they are not broken. They are human, healing, and worthy of well-being and belonging.

127. SMART Recovery – SMART Recovery, which stands for Self-Management and Recovery Training, is an international non-profit that offers support groups and a science-based method for overcoming addiction and problematic behaviours. Its evidence-based approach, grounded in cognitive behavioral therapy and other psychological tools, focuses on four key points: building and maintaining motivation, coping with urges, managing thoughts, feelings, and behaviours, and living a balanced life.

128. Social Support – A critical network of relationships (including family, friends, and peers) that provides emotional, practical, and informational assistance to help individuals maintain sobriety and navigate the challenges of recovery. 

129. Spectrum of Addiction™ – describes addiction as a continuum rather than an all-or-nothing experience. People may move along different levels of concern over time, from experimental use, to coping use, to harmful use, to dependence, and sometimes back again. This spectrum also applies to behavioural addictions and relationships affected by addiction. Understanding addiction on a spectrum reduces shame by showing that many people shift through these stages for understandable reasons. Recognising where someone is on the spectrum helps tailor support to their current needs and honours that recovery is a gradual progression, not a single moment of change.

130. Spirituality – A personal search for meaning, purpose, and connection beyond oneself (like to nature, community, or a Higher Power) that fosters inner peace, humility, and hope, acting as a powerful, non-religious framework for healing from shame, building resilience, and supporting long-term sobriety through principles like service, gratitude, and self-reflection.

131. Sponsor – A mentor and guide—typically an individual who has successfully navigated their own recovery journey and maintained long-term sobriety (often for at least a year)—who provides support, accountability, and practical guidance to someone new to a recovery program, known as a "sponsee".

132. Stages of Change – based on the Transtheoretical Model, describe the natural progression people move through when shifting away from patterns that are no longer supporting their well-being. These stages include becoming aware there may be a concern (precontemplation), considering change with mixed feelings (contemplation), preparing to make a shift (preparation), taking active steps toward healthier behaviours (action), and continuing to strengthen those changes over time (maintenance). People may revisit earlier stages or temporarily return to old behaviours, which is a common part of learning, not a setback in worth or ability. This model helps individuals and their support systems understand readiness, respond with compassion, and honour that meaningful change unfolds gradually, one intentional step at a time.

133. Stigma – refers to the harmful attitudes, stereotypes, and judgements that are placed on people because of their substance use or other struggles in life. It can show up as blame, rejection, or assumptions about someone’s character or abilities, and often causes people to hide their pain or avoid seeking help. Stigma can be external, coming from society or systems, or internal, when individuals begin to believe those negative messages about themselves. Reducing stigma means replacing judgement with understanding, honouring each person’s dignity, and recognising that every individual deserves support, connection, and a path to improved well-being.

134. Substance Use – refers to consuming any substance that alters mood, perception, or functioning, whether prescribed, legal, or unregulated. It exists on a spectrum, and people engage with substances for many reasons, including coping, social connection, or relief from emotional or physical pain. Challenges can arise when substance use begins to negatively affect well-being, relationships, or health. Understanding substance use without judgement supports informed choices, compassionate conversations, and pathways to recovery when needed.

135. Substance Use Disorder (SUD) – is a medical and behavioural term used when a person’s relationship with a substance has become persistent, disruptive, or harmful to their health, relationships, or daily functioning. It is understood as a complex interaction of biology, environment, trauma, and coping, rather than a moral failing. SUD can range from mild to severe and may involve cravings, difficulty cutting down, or continuing to use despite consequences. With compassionate, evidence-informed support, individuals and families can learn new ways of relating to substances, emotions, and each other, and move toward improved well-being and quality of life.

136. Support Group –  is a welcoming, judgement-free space where people come together to share their experiences, learn from peers, and feel genuinely understood. It reduces isolation by creating a sense of community and belonging, reminding each person that they do not have to navigate recovery or caregiving alone. Through open conversation, shared wisdom, and emotional connection, support groups help individuals strengthen coping skills, regain confidence, and build healthier relationships. For many, this sense of community becomes a vital part of maintaining well-being, deepening resilience, and creating a fulfilling life in recovery.

137. Surrender – is the moment a person decides to stop struggling alone and allows support, guidance, and new possibilities into their life. It is not giving up or losing strength. It is choosing honesty over denial and openness over isolation. Surrender can mean acknowledging what feels unmanageable and accepting that healing becomes easier with connection, community, and care. It reflects a shift from fighting reality to working with it, creating space for recovery, well-being, and a life that feels more hopeful and grounded.

138. Therapy – in recovery provides a supportive space to explore thoughts, emotions, and experiences that have shaped substance use or other coping patterns. It helps individuals understand their triggers, build healthier strategies, strengthen relationships, and heal from the stress or trauma that may have influenced their behaviour. Therapy can take many forms, including individual, family, or group work, and may use approaches like cognitive behavioural therapy, motivational interviewing, or trauma-informed care. At its core, therapy encourages self-awareness, emotional safety, and personal growth. It supports people in creating a life that feels meaningful, grounded, and aligned with their well-being and recovery goals.

139. Thought Distortion – refers to automatic patterns of thinking that can exaggerate the negative, ignore the positive, or make situations feel more overwhelming than they truly are. These patterns can show up as all or nothing thinking, assuming the worst, or dismissing progress, and they often appear when someone is stressed or feeling shame. In recovery, learning to recognize and gently challenge these thoughts helps create space for more realistic, supportive, and hopeful perspectives. By shifting the inner dialogue, individuals can strengthen coping skills, reduce emotional distress, and stay more connected to their well-being and values as they move forward in healing.

140. Threshold of Dopamine™ – refers to the point at which the brain’s reward system becomes overstimulated through repeated substance use or highly activating behaviours. Over time, the brain adapts by expecting more stimulation to feel “normal,” which can make everyday pleasures feel dull or unmotivating. This shift does not happen because a person is weak. It occurs because the brain has been trying to protect itself from overload. In recovery, lowering the dopamine threshold through connection, routine, nutrition, and emotional regulation helps pleasure and motivation slowly return. With time, the brain can re-learn how to feel joy, satisfaction, and calm in everyday life again.

141. Trauma-Informed Care / Trauma-Informed Practice – is an approach that recognises how common trauma is and how deeply it can shape a person’s thoughts, emotions, relationships, and coping. Instead of asking “What is wrong with you?” it asks “What has happened to you?” and “What has helped you survive?” Services that are trauma-informed prioritise emotional and physical safety, choice, collaboration, and empowerment. In recovery settings, this means creating environments where people are not re-traumatised, where their reactions make sense in context, and where healing honours both their pain and their resilience.

142. Triggers –  are internal or external cues that spark memories, emotions, or urges connected to past coping patterns, including substance use, compulsive behaviours, or codependent responses. They can include people, places, sensations, or stressors that make old habits feel comforting or familiar again. Triggers are not signs of weakness. They simply signal that the nervous system is seeking safety or relief. By identifying personal triggers and developing supportive strategies to navigate them, individuals can protect their well-being, strengthen resilience, and continue moving forward in recovery.

143. Trust – is the foundation of safe relationships and self-confidence. It is built gradually through consistent, honest actions that show care, reliability, and respect. In recovery, trust can mean allowing others to support you, while also learning to trust yourself again by making choices that align with your well-being and values. It does not grow from perfection but from steadiness: showing up, following through, and repairing connection when harm has happened. As trust rebuilds, people feel more secure, more connected, and more hopeful about the future.

144. Twelve Steps / 12-Step Program – A 12-Step program is a peer-supported approach to recovery where people come together to share lived experience, build connection, and support one another through meaningful change. These programs follow a set of guiding steps that encourage self-reflection, honesty, personal accountability, and the practice of making amends where it supports healing. Central to this model is the idea that no one recovers alone. Participants are invited to define a source of strength or guidance that feels right for them, which may be spiritual, community-based, or rooted in personal values. Meetings offer structure, mentorship through sponsorship, and opportunities to contribute to the well-being of others. Many individuals find that this consistent community support helps reduce shame, strengthens resilience, and offers a hopeful foundation for long-term recovery and a life filled with greater purpose and connection.

145. Underlying Issues – are the emotional, psychological, and environmental factors that contribute to substance use, compulsive behaviours, or patterns like codependency. These may include trauma, chronic stress, anxiety, depression, grief, or difficult life experiences that have not yet been fully understood or supported. For both individuals using substances and those caring for a loved one, these challenges can shape coping strategies and influence how safe or overwhelmed someone feels day to day. Addressing underlying issues with compassion helps reduce shame, supports healthier ways of managing emotions, and strengthens long-term well-being and recovery.

146. Urge Surfing – a mindfulness technique where you learn to observe intense cravings or urges without acting on them, visualizing them as ocean waves that build, peak, and then fade away. Instead of fighting or suppressing the urge, which can make it stronger, you focus on your breath and body sensations, allowing the discomfort to pass naturally, teaching self-regulation and reducing the power of the impulse over time.

147. Values – are the core beliefs and principles that give direction and meaning to life. They help guide decisions and shape the type of person someone wants to be, whether that includes family connection, honesty, creativity, spirituality, or personal growth. When someone is overwhelmed by substance use or focused on supporting a loved one through addiction, values can feel blurred or pushed aside. Recovery offers the chance to rediscover what truly matters and to make choices that support well-being and a fulfilling future. Living in alignment with values builds confidence, strengthens relationships, and creates a life that feels more intentional and worth staying present for.

148. Validation – In addiction recovery, validation is the process of acknowledging and empathizing with a person's thoughts, feelings, and experiences as legitimate and understandable within their context, without necessarily agreeing with their past behaviours. It helps foster a non-judgmental and trusting environment crucial for healing and change.

149. Vulnerability – is the strength to be open about your emotions, needs, and struggles, even when it feels uncomfortable. It includes honestly acknowledging what is hard, whether it involves substance use, compulsive behaviours, or the stress of caring for someone in addiction. Vulnerability breaks through isolation and creates space for support, understanding, and connection. It allows people to let go of the pressure to appear in control, and instead show up as they truly are. In recovery, vulnerability helps deepen self-awareness, repair relationships, and build a life rooted in trust, compassion, and well-being.

150. Wellness – is a whole-person approach to living that nourishes physical, emotional, mental, social, and spiritual well-being. It is more than reducing or stopping substance use or changing a behaviour. Wellness is about creating a life that feels balanced, meaningful, and connected, supported by habits like movement, rest, nourishing food, supportive relationships, creativity, and purpose. In recovery, wellness reflects the belief that healing is not only about what someone moves away from, but also about what they move toward: a life that supports joy, resilience, and a sense of belonging every day.

151. Window of Tolerance – The window of tolerance describes the range of emotional arousal within which a person can function and feel relatively grounded, present, and able to think clearly. When stress pushes someone outside this window, they may move into hyperarousal (anxiety, anger, panic) or hypoarousal (numbness, shutdown, disconnection). Trauma, chronic stress, and addiction can narrow the window over time. Recovery work, nervous system regulation, healthy relationships, and supports can gradually widen it again, helping people navigate life’s ups and downs with more stability, choice, and well-being.

152. Withdrawal – is the body and brain’s response to reducing or stopping a substance they have learned to rely on for comfort or regulation. This adjustment period can bring uncomfortable physical or emotional symptoms such as anxiety, restlessness, nausea, or changes in sleep and mood. For some substances, withdrawal can also involve serious medical risks and requires professional support to stay safe. Although withdrawal can be challenging, it is a natural part of healing and a sign that the body is beginning to restore balance. With proper care, compassion, and guidance, people can move through withdrawal toward improved well-being and the next steps of recovery.

153. Withdrawal Management – is the supportive and supervised process of helping someone safely reduce or stop substance use while their body and brain adjust. It may include medical care, emotional support, and comfort measures to ease symptoms and reduce health risks. This stage focuses on stabilizing well-being, restoring a sense of safety, and ensuring the individual feels cared for during a vulnerable transition. Withdrawal management is not treatment on its own, but it provides an important foundation, helping people move forward into the therapeutic and relational supports that sustain long-term recovery.

154. Willingness – is the openness to explore change and take supportive steps toward healing, even when discomfort or uncertainty is present. It is not about having everything figured out or feeling confident every moment. Instead, willingness shows up in small choices: showing up to a group, trying a new coping skill, asking for help, or pausing before returning to an old pattern. In recovery for both individuals and loved ones, willingness reflects a gentle “yes” to possibility. It allows space for fear and hope to coexist, and supports movement toward a life that feels more grounded, connected, and aligned with personal values and well-being.

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